ABSTRACT Background: A new instrument was designed to measure attitudes towards intellectual disability in the workplace. This tool provides the opportunity to identify underlying cognitive and emotional patterns that may influence people's interaction and performance in such environments. Objective: To construct, validate, and ensure the reliability of a scale measuring attitudes towards intellectual disability, establishing its suitability in labor inclusion programs. Method: A psychometric design was used that incorporated qualitative techniques, such as focus groups and cognitive interviews, in the instrument construction phase. The content validation of the items involved the participation of 15 experts in the field, which resulted in a reduced version with 10 items distributed in two dimensions: Perception and Social Distance. Subsequently, both the validity of the internal structure and the reliability of the instrument were evaluated in a sample of 255 individuals, composed of 35% (n=88) women and 66% (n=167) men. Result: The third-factor model evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was the one that demonstrated excellent fit indices (CFI= .991; TLI=.988; RMSEA= .076; SRMR =.038), with an adequate inter-factor correlation (0.82) and adequate consistency coefficients (α=0.825; ω=0.916). Conclusion: A tool of invaluable value is presented for planning public health programs aimed at reducing stigma and promoting the socio-labor inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities.

RESUMEN Introducción: Se diseñó un nuevo instrumento para medir las actitudes hacia la discapacidad intelectual en el lugar de trabajo. Esta herramienta brinda la oportunidad de identificar patrones cognitivos y emocionales subyacentes que pueden influir en la interacción y el desempeño de las personas en dichos entornos. Objetivo: Construir, validar y asegurar la fiabilidad de una escala que mide las actitudes hacia la discapacidad intelectual, estableciendo su idoneidad en programas de inclusión laboral. Método: Se utilizó un diseño psicométrico que incorporó técnicas cualitativas, como grupos focales y entrevistas cognitivas, en la fase de construcción del instrumento. La validación de contenido de los ítems contó con la participación de 15 expertos en la materia, lo que resultó en una versión reducida con 10 ítems distribuidos en dos dimensiones: Percepción y Distancia Social. Posteriormente, se evaluó tanto la validez de la estructura interna como la confiabilidad del instrumento en una muestra de 255 individuos, compuesta por 35% (n=88) mujeres y 66% (n=167) hombres. Resultados: El tercer modelo factorial evaluado con análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) fue el que demostró excelentes índices de ajuste (CFI= .991; TLI=.988; RMSEA= .076; SRMR =.038), con una adecuada correlación interfactorial (0.82). y coeficientes de consistencia adecuados (α=0,825; ω=0,916). Conclusión: Se presenta una herramienta de invaluable valor para la planificación de programas de salud pública dirigidos a reducir el estigma y promover la inclusión sociolaboral de personas con discapacidad intelectual.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Ansiedad Manifiesta en Niños Revisada, Segunda Edición (CMASR-2), en estudiantes peruanos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 472 participantes con edades entre 7 y 18 años, siendo 250 mujeres (53%). Asimismo, 191 pertenecían del tercero al sexto grado de primaria (40.5%) y 281 cursaban del primero al quinto grado de secundaria (59.5%). Los resultados del estudio indicaron que las puntuaciones en el CMASR-2 presentan adecuados niveles de fiabilidad para todas sus dimensiones (alfa ordinal > .70). Por otro lado, se encontró una estructura de cuatro factores (Ansiedad fisiológica, Inquietud/Ansiedad social, Defensividad I y Defensividad II) que se mantuvo invariante al sexo y nivel de escolaridad. Además, se aportaron evidencias de validez discriminante y convergente. Finalmente, el análisis de medias latentes encontró una diferencia moderada en Defensividad II según el nivel de escolaridad. A partir de los resultados, se concluyó que, las puntuaciones en el CMASR-2 cuentan con evidencias de fiabilidad, validez y equidad para su uso en estudiantes peruanos de educación básica regular.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale-Second Edition (RCMAS-2) among Peruvian students. The sample consisted of 472 participants aged between 7 and 18 years, of whom 250 were female (53%). Likewise, 191 were enrolled from third to sixth grade of primary school (40.5%), and 281 were registered from first to fifth grade of secondary school (59.5%). The results of the study indicated that the RCMAS-2 scores had adequate levels of reliability for all its dimensions (ordinal alpha > .70). On the other hand, a four-factor structure (Physiological anxiety, Worry/Social anxiety, Defensiveness I, and Defensiveness II) was found to be invariant to gender and schooling level. Also, convergent and discriminant validity evidence was provided. Finally, a moderate difference in Defensiveness II according to the schooling level through the latent mean structure analysis was found. Taking into account the results, it was concluded that the RCMAS-2 scores have evidence of reliability, validity, and equity for its use in Peruvian regular elementary school students.

RESUMO O comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico (aMCI) é uma alteração sutil na função cognitiva que não altera as atividades do dia-a-dia e pode preceder a demência de Alzheimer. Um aumento na prevalência de ambas as condições é esperado devido ao crescimento da população idosa e o reconhecimento de fatores de risco pode ajudar a reduzir a carga de doença. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi o de determinar a freqüência e fatores associados a MCI em clubes de cidadãos idosos (CCI) em quatro distritos com diferentes condições socioeconômicas em Lima, Peru. Métodos: aplicamos os critérios de Petersen para determinar a presença da condição em uma entrevista que incluiu o uso do Teste de Alteração de Memória (M@T) e do Questionário de Atividades Funcionais de Pfeffer (QAFP). Resultados: sessenta e três dos 352 (17,9%) participantes tinham MCI. Os fatores associados a essa condição foram idade avançada, menor tempo de estudo ao se casar enquanto ser provenientes do CCI La Molina (distrito com maior nível socioeconômico e recursos para atividades para idosos) foram associados a não possuir um MCI. Não houve diferença por sexo, índice de massa corporal e história de hipertensão. Conclusão: este estágio de pré-demência é frequente e geralmente não detectado na cidade de Lima. Ferramentas como o M@T poderiam ajudar os clínicos gerais a detectar essa condição antes da progressão para a demência.

ABSTRACT Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is a subtle alteration in cognitive function that does not affect day-to-day activities and can precede Alzheimer's dementia. An increase in the prevalence of both these conditions is expected given the growing elderly population and recognizing risk factors can help reduce the burden. Objective: the aim of this study was to determine the frequency and associated factors of aMCI in senior citizen clubs (SCC) at four districts with different socioeconomic status in Lima, Peru. Methods: we applied Petersen's criteria to determine the presence of the condition in an interview which included the use of the Memory Alteration Test (M@T) and the Pfeffer Functional Activity Questionnaire (PFAQ). Results: sixty-three out of 352 (17.9%) participants had aMCI. Factors associated with this condition were older age, fewer years of education at marriage whereas being from the SCC La Molina (district with highest socioeconomic status and resources for activities for the elderly) were associated with not having aMCI. There was no difference for sex, body mass index or history of hypertension. Conclusion: this predementia stage is frequent and usually undetected in urban Lima. Tools such as the M@T could help general practitioners detect this condition before its progression to dementia.

Quality of life is a central aspect of the new conceptualization of intellectual disability. Contrary to prior beliefs, intellectual disability is currently considered the sum of practical, social and conceptual abilities; that is, intelligence as measured by standardized IQ tests is no longer considered the only and most fundamental aspect of this phenomenon. In line with this idea, environmental variables have regained interest as an important feature which researchers should attempt to understand. Thus, it is important to examine which sociodemographic factors are more associated with quality of life in people with intellectual disability. Since such variable simply an important cultural component, it is important that these studies be done in different cultural contexts. However, there is a paucity of research on the topic in Latin America and, specifically, in Peru. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with quality of life in people with intellectual disability from three public institutions of Lima-Peru. The study sample was composed by 115 participants with intellectual disability aged between 15 and 45 years; 39 (37%) were women and 66 (62.9%) were men; 13.3% had non-poor socioeconomic status, 63.8% had a poor status and 22.9% had extreme poor status according to the report of the institutions of origin. The measure used was the Integral Scale of Quality of Life (Verdugo, Arias & Gómez, 2009). This measure is composed of two scales: The Objective scale (filled out by the caregiver), and the Subjective scale (filled out by people with intellectual disabilities themselves). In order to establish the association between sociodemographic variables (age, sex, socioeconomic status, and type of family), correlational analyses were performed using bivariate and regression techniques. The correlation between the Objective and Subjective scales of quality of life was low (r = .252). In the bivariate analysis of the Objective scale, an association was observed between this scale and the variables gender, paid work and socioeconomic status. When these variables were analyzed using multiple regression techniques, both paid work and socioeconomic status were the best predictors of quality of life as measured by the Objective scale. On the other hand, the only significant predictor of the Subjective scale was poverty condition. These results indicate that quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities is affected by different sociodemographic variables, and poverty seems to be the most important. It is also worth highlighting the fact that sex was an important variable associated with quality of life. Consequently, it is recommendable to develop studies of disability with a special emphasis on gender. In addition, it is important to notice that quality of life reported by people with intellectual disability shows only a low association with their caregiver's reports. Therefore, both points of view -those of people with disabilities and of their caregivers- are needed to obtain comprehensive results. Moreover, sociodemographic factors shared an important amount of variance with objective quality of life (i.e. that reported by the caregiver) but not with subjective quality of life (i.e. that reported by the person with intellectual disability). These findings stress the importance of taking the opinions of people with intellectual disability into consideration, and of identifying other associated factors that constitute better predictors of subjective quality of life.

La calidad de vida es un aspecto central de la nueva conceptualización de la discapacidad intelectual, siendo necesario el estudio de variables ambientales. Para ello, se analizaron los factores asociados a la calidad de vida en 105 personas con discapacidad intelectual (Professional Career Development Institute-PCDI-), procedentes de tres instituciones públicas de Lima-Perú. El instrumento utilizado fue la Escala Integral de Calidad de Vida (Verdugo, Arias, & Gómez, 2009), conformada por dos escalas: Calidad de Vida Objetiva, dirigida al cuidador y Calidad de Vida Subjetiva dirigida a la PCDI, ambas aplicadas mediante una entrevista. Para establecer la asociación entre las variables sociodemográficas (edad, sexo, trabajo, condición socioeconómica y tipo de familia) con la calidad de vida se realizaron análisis correlacionales utilizando técnicas bivariadas y de regresión. Las PCDI tuvieron edades comprendidas entre 15 y 45 años, siendo 39 (37%) mujeres y 66 (62.9%) varones. El 13.3% fue de condición socioeconómica no pobre, 63.8% pobre y 22.9% pobre extremo, según el reporte de las instituciones de procedencia. En el análisis bivariado de la Escala Objetiva, se observó asociación con las variables sexo, trabajo asalariado y condición socioeconómica; cuando estas variables fueron sometidas a análisis de regresión múltiple, los mejores predictores resultaron ser trabajo asalariado y condición socioeconómica. Por otra parte, en la Escala Subjetiva el único predictor significativo fue la condición de pobreza. Estos resultados indican que la calidad de vida de las personas con discapacidad intelectual es afectada por distintas variables sociodemográficas que es necesario estudiar, entre ellas la condición de pobreza parece ser la más importante.

Objectives: To obtain reliable indicators of the job descriptive index (JDI) through a factorial analysis. Methods: A psychometric study was conducted. The JDI is composed of 72 items grouped in five dimensions: general work, salary, partners, supervision and promotion. In addition a general scale measures overall satisfaction. The samples size was 166 workers of three public health institutions in Lima. Factorial analysis and internal consistency analysis with the omega coefficient were carried-out. Results: The dimensions worked properly. The items showed good discriminatory capacity. Reliability indicators were 0.86 and 0.94. Conclusions: JDI is adequate to evaluate conditions at work. The complementary scale need to be re-evaluated.

Objetivos: Obtener indicadores de confiabilidad y de validez de constructo del Índice Descriptivo de Trabajo (JDI) mediante el método de análisis factorial. Material y métodos: Estudio de tipo psicométrico. El JDI está compuesto por 72 ítems agrupados en cinco dimensiones: Trabajo en general, Sueldo, Compañeros, Supervisión y Promoción. Además, se cuenta con una escala adicional que mide la satisfacción laboral de manera general. Esta escala se denomina Trabajo en General (JIG) y suele aplicarse junto con el JDI. La muestra estuvo conformada por 166 trabajadores de tres instituciones públicas de salud de Lima. Se realizaron correlaciones inter-ítem, análisis factorial confirmatorio en cada una de las dimensiones y consistencia interna con el coeficiente omega. Resultados: Se encontró que las dimensiones del JDI funcionan adecuadamente, aunque fue necesario eliminar algunos ítems y permitir errores correlacionados en algunas subescalas. En general, los ítems mostraron buena capacidad discriminativa y dispersión. Los estimadores de confiabilidad para las subescalas del JDI se hallaron entre 0,86 y 0,94. Conclusiones: El JDI parece mostrar adecuadas propiedades estructurales y sus puntajes pueden usarse para propósitos descriptivos del contexto laboral. La escala complementaria JIG mostró un pobre funcionamiento psicométrico, lo cual indica que requiere reformulación, así como una reevaluación de su estructura factorial controlando el efecto del método (fraseo de los ítems).

The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale, Objective Version. Content validity was obtained using Aiken’s V coefficient with the participation of 10 experts and inter-rater reliability was assessed with a sample of 45 participants from 15 families with presence of an intellectual disabled. The results showed insufficient validity in the criteria of clarity, consistency and relevance. The inter-observer reliability was moderate with an overall coefficient of .58. A new version of the scale was obtained for intellectual disabled persons, adapted to the sociocultural characteristics of Lima, Perú.

Se evaluaron las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Integral de Calidad de Vida: Versión Objetiva. Se obtuvo evidencias de validez por contenido mediante el coeficiente V de Aiken con participación de 10 jueces expertos y análisis de fiabilidad inter-observador en una muestra de 45 personas pertenecientes a 15 familias con presencia de una persona con discapacidad intelectual. Los resultados muestran una insuficiente evidencia de validez de jueces en cuanto a los criterios de claridad, coherencia, relevancia y suficiencia presentados. La fiabilidad inter-observador reporta un coeficiente Krippendorff’s Alpha total de .58, correspondiente a nivel moderado. Se obtuvo una nueva versión de la Escala Integral de Calidad de Vida: Versión Objetiva para personas con discapacidad intelectual adaptada a las características de la realidad sociocultural de Lima, Perú.

Avaliaram-se as propriedades psicométricas da Escala Integral de Qualidade de Vida: Versão Objetiva. Obteve-se evidências de validade por conteúdo mediante o coeficiente V de Aiken com participação de 10 juízes experientes e análises de confiabilidade inter-observador em uma mostra de 45 pessoas pertencentes a 15 famílias com presença de uma pessoa com discapacidade intelectual. Os resultados mostram uma insuficiente evidência de validade de juízes em quanto aos critérios de clareza, coerência, relevância e suficiencia apresentados. A confiabilidade inter-observador reporta um coeficiente Krippendorff’s Alpha total de .58, correspondente a nível moderado. Obteve-se uma nova versão da Escala Integral de Qualidade de Vida: Versão Objetiva para pessoas com discapacidade intelectual adaptada às características da realidade sociocultural de Lima, Peru.

The job satisfaction evaluation allows us to know and explain several behavioral results of a worker such as his job performance. This study analyzes the internal structure of the brief version by Warr, Cook and Wall’s Job Satisfaction Scale (1979), which is designed to unidimensionaly measure the job satisfaction construct with items related to intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction. The sample was composed by 88 professionals from a rehabilitation institution located in Metropolitan Lima, who were given the full version of the instrument (16 items), to examine the abbreviated version and derive a new one. We performed a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate the factorial structure through the modeling of structural equations. It was found that a latent dimension is valid for the comprehensive instrument, and a new version was obtained with different items, greater explained variance, and higher factorial loads. The reliability estimates were acceptable. The score distribution was unusually set to a Wakeby model. The results are discussed in the usage context of this new version and the distribution of the scores.

La evaluación de la satisfacción laboral permite conocer y explicar varios resultados conductuales del trabajador, como su desempeño laboral. El presente estudio analiza la estructura interna de la versión breve de la Escala de Satisfacción Laboral de Warr, Cook y Wall (1979), que se orienta a medir unidimensionalmente el constructo de satisfacción laboral con ítems relacionados con la satisfacción intrínseca y extrínseca. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 88 profesionales de una institución de rehabilitación ubicada en Lima Metropolitana, a los que se les administró la versión completa del instrumento (16 ítems) para examinar la versión abreviada y derivar una nueva. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para evaluar la estructura factorial, mediante el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales. Se halló que una dimensión latente es válida para el instrumento completo, y se obtuvo una nueva versión breve con diferentes ítems, mayor varianza explicada y cargas factoriales elevadas. Las estimaciones de confiabilidad fueron aceptables. La distribución del puntaje fue inusualmente ajustada a un modelo Wakeby. Se discute los resultados en el contexto del uso de esta nueva versión y de la distribución de los puntajes.